Tag Archive for: Persia

Daniel 7:1-3, 15-18

The Book of Daniel has two distinct parts. Chapters 1 to 6 are stories of Daniel in the Court of the Babylonian Kings and the Persian Kings before, during and just after the Exile (587-539 BCE). Because these kings are presented as ignorant (but not malevolent), scholars date these six chapters to the time when Judea was under the generally benevolent rule of the Persians (539-333 BCE) and the Greeks (333 to 281 BCE). Chapters 2 to 7 of the Book were written in Aramaic rather than Hebrew.

Chapters 7 to 12 were written later – during the oppression of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BCE) whose desecration of the Temple led to the Maccabean Revolt in 167 BCE. These chapters present an apocalyptic vision of a situation so dire that an external intervention (such as by God) is needed to put things right. Like other apocalyptic writings, the Book of Daniel uses strong images to describe the conflict between good and evil. Today’s reading is set in 553 BCE, and Daniel’s dream “foretells” (with 20-20 hindsight), the conquest of Judea by four “beasts” (v.17) – Babylon, Media, Persia and Greece. The “holy ones” (v.18) who receive the kingdom are understood as either the heavenly court or as the Jews persecuted by Antiochus.

Ephesians 1:11-23

Ephesus was a large and prosperous city in what is now western Turkey. According to the Acts of the Apostles and 1 Corinthians, Paul visited there. In Ephesus, there were Jesus Followers who were Jews and Jesus Followers who were Gentiles, and they didn’t always agree on what it means to be a Jesus Follower. This letter is intended to unify them. In today’s reading, the author emphasizes the shared beliefs of Jesus Followers and the inclusion of Gentiles in God’s blessings (v.13). Because some of the vocabulary in this letter is different from most of Paul’s letters, scholars are divided about whether this letter was written by Paul (who died in 64 CE) or if it was written later in the 1st Century by an admirer of Paul.