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2017, January 1 ~ Numbers 6:22-27 & Galatians 4:4-7 & Philippians 2:5-11

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Numbers 6:22-27

Numbers is the fourth book of the Torah (Hebrew meaning “teaching” or “Law”)/the Pentateuch (Greek meaning “Five Books”). It describes the time of the Israelites in the Wilderness before entering the Promised Land. If the time in the Wilderness is historical (no archeological evidence has ever been found to support it), this would have been around 1250 BCE.

Most of the book of Numbers was written by the “Priestly Source” during the Babylonian Exile (587-539 BCE) and the 100 years after the Exile. Today’s reading is a Blessing from Yahweh (“LORD” in all capital letters in the NRSV) before they go into the Wilderness. This Blessing was likely delivered at public gatherings at the sanctuary in Jerusalem. Two silver plaques dated to the 7th and 6th Centuries BCE were found outside Jerusalem and contain versions of this Blessing – attesting to its traditional usage.

Galatians 4:4-7

Galatia was a large Roman province in what is now western Turkey. This letter was likely written by Paul in the late 40’s or early 50’s (CE), and deals in part with controversies between Jewish Jesus Followers and Gentile Jesus Followers regarding the continuing importance of Torah (Law) and whether Gentile Jesus Followers had to be circumcised and follow the Kosher dietary laws.

In today’s reading, Paul emphasizes that Jesus of Nazareth was a human and a Jew (“born of a woman under the law”) to “redeem those under the law” (the Jews). The Greek word translated as “redeem” means to buy back, as in redeeming something at a pawn shop. All persons, because of the Spirit of the Son, are children of God who can call God “Abba” (Aramaic for father) and are heirs of the Kingdom.

Philippians 2:5-11

Philippi was a major city in Macedonia on the Roman road to Byzantium (Istanbul) and most of its inhabitants were Roman citizens. Paul has a deep affection for the Jesus Followers in Philippi, and thanks them for gifts sent to him in prison (4:18).

Today’s reading is derived from a hymn that was already in use in Jesus Follower communities, perhaps in a Baptism liturgy. Its statements are not only religious, they are also political. The Roman Caesars claimed to be “in the form of God” and “Lord.” Instead of exploiting his connectedness to God, Jesus took the form of a slave/servant and emptied himself (poured himself out) for others. For this, he has been highly exalted (resurrected). As the Christ, he is also called “Lord” and at the name of Jesus, every knee should bend.

2016, July 3rd ~ Isaiah 66:10-14 & Galatians 6:1-16

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Isaiah 66:10-14
The Book of Isaiah is a composite of writings from three distinct periods in Israel’s history. Chapters 1-39 are called “First Isaiah” and were written in the 20 years before Jerusalem was under direct siege by the Assyrians in 701 BCE. “Second Isaiah” is Chapters 40 to 55 and brings hope to the Judeans during the time of the Exile in Babylon (587 to 539 BCE) by telling them they have suffered enough and will return to Jerusalem. “Third Isaiah” is Chapters 56 to 66 and contains encouragement to the Judeans who returned to Jerusalem after the Exile. Today’s reading is from the last chapter in the Book of Isaiah and is set in the time after the Return. In these verses, Isaiah speaks for Yahweh and affirms that Jerusalem will be a mother to all who mourn and that prosperity will return to Jerusalem.

Galatians 6:1-16
Galatia was a large Roman province in what is now western Turkey. This letter was written in the late 40’s or early 50’s (CE), and deals in part with controversies between Jewish Jesus Followers and Gentile Jesus Followers regarding the continuing importance of Torah (Law) and whether Gentile Jesus Followers had to be circumcised and follow the Kosher dietary laws. Today’s reading is the conclusion of the letter. Paul continues to emphasize that the Spirit enables believers to live out the principle of love, thus fulfilling the law without slavishly observing the law’s requirements. He affirms the opposition of “the flesh” to the Spirit and emphasizes that whether or not a person is circumcised is not important. The final words of today’s reading ask for peace upon the “Israel of God” – words that are unique to this verse. Scholars understand these words as meaning the “true Israel,” that is, those who follow Paul’s understanding of the Gospel rather than those who follow the teachings of Paul’s opponents.

2016, June 26th ~ 1 Kings 19:15-16, 19-21 & Galatians 5:1, 13-25

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1 Kings 19:15-16, 19-21
The Book of Kings is part of the “Deuteronomic History” that includes the books of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings. These books emphasize that God controls history, and when the people (and their kings) worship Yahweh properly, good things happen to them. When they worship false gods, however, bad events overtake them. Today’s reading follows the story in which Elijah invoked Yahweh to overcome the priests of Baal to bring rain and to burn an offering. Jezebel, the Baal-worshiping wife of Ahab (873-852 BCE), vowed revenge, and Elijah escaped to the south and hid in a cave where he heard the voice of Yahweh in the stillness. In today’s reading, Yahweh told Elijah to anoint a new king of Aram (Syria), and (in an act of treason) to anoint a new king over Israel, even though Ahab was still king. Elijah was also directed to select Elisha as his successor. In hyperbole that often used in the Hebrew Bible to emphasize a point, Elisha destroyed his means of sustenance and slaughtered 12 yoke of oxen (24 oxen), which would have had an enormous value.

Galatians 5:1, 13-25
Galatia was a large Roman province in what is now western Turkey. This letter was written in the late 40’s or early 50’s (CE), and deals in part with controversies between Jewish Jesus Followers and Gentile Jesus Followers regarding the continuing importance of Torah (Law). Today’s reading emphasizes that Christ gives us freedom to love one another through the Spirit, and Paul contrasts this with being compelled to follow rules under the law. It is also noteworthy that when Paul enumerates the “works of the flesh,” he includes many sins of the mind – idolatry, jealousy, anger, and envy to name just a few. For Paul, “the flesh” was that part of our humanity that opposes the Spirit within us.