Tag Archive for: James

TODAY’S READINGS IN CONTEXT
SEPTEMBER 22, 2024

During this Pentecost Season, there are two “Tracks” of Scriptures that are offered, and congregations may choose which Track they will follow. The first reading presented is from Tracks 1. The next two readings (from the Wisdom of Solomon and Jeremiah) are alternative readings in Track 2. The last two readings are the same in both Tracks.

Proverbs 31:10-31

Reading

10 A capable wife who can find? She is far more precious than jewels.
11 The heart of her husband trusts in her, and he will have no lack of gain.
12 She does him good, and not harm, all the days of her life.
13 She seeks wool and flax and works with willing hands.
14 She is like the ships of the merchant; she brings her food from far away.
15 She rises while it is still night and provides food for her household and tasks for her servant-girls.
16 She considers a field and buys it; with the fruit of her hands she plants a vineyard.
17 She girds herself with strength and makes her arms strong.
18 She perceives that her merchandise is profitable. Her lamp does not go out at night.
19 She puts her hands to the distaff, and her hands hold the spindle.
20 She opens her hand to the poor and reaches out her hands to the needy.
21 She is not afraid for her household when it snows, for all her household are clothed in crimson.
22 She makes herself coverings; her clothing is fine linen and purple.
23 Her husband is known in the city gates, taking his seat among the elders of the land.
24 She makes linen garments and sells them; she supplies the merchant with sashes.
25 Strength and dignity are her clothing, and she laughs at the time to come.
26 She opens her mouth with wisdom, and the teaching of kindness is on her tongue.
27 She looks well to the ways of her household and does not eat the bread of idleness.
28 Her children rise up and call her happy; her husband too, and he praises her:
29 “Many women have done excellently, but you surpass them all.”
30 Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised.
31 Give her a share in the fruit of her hands, and let her works praise her in the city gates.

Commentary

In Christian Bibles, the Book of Proverbs is included in the “Wisdom Literature,” but in the Jewish Bible (the “TaNaK”), it is part of the “Writings.” The other two parts of the Jewish Bible are the Torah and the Prophets. The name “TaNaK” is an acronym for the first letters of the Hebrew words for each of these sections: the Torah, the Nevi’im, and the Ketuvim.

Although Proverbs claims (v.1:1) to be written by Solomon who reigned from 965-928 BCE, most scholars agree that these sayings were compiled over a lengthy period and put in their final form around 450 BCE. In fact, two Chapters of Proverbs (22:17 to 24:34) are copied almost word-for-word from Egyptian wisdom literature (the “Instruction of Amenemope”) dating to about 1100 BCE.

Most sayings in Proverbs are presented as teachings from the elders and are aimed at young men. They advise that moral living (diligence, sobriety, self-restraint, selecting a good wife, honesty) would lead to a good life.

The authors of Proverbs suggested that attention to the Wisdom of the past and employing powers of reason would be sufficient to know what to do and what to avoid. In this sense, Proverbs has an approach that is different from those portions of the Hebrew Bible which emphasized divine revelation and the Law.

The usual translation of a recurring theme in Proverbs is that “fear” of YHWH (translated as LORD – all capital letters in the NRSV) is the beginning of wisdom. Many scholars suggest that “awe of YHWH” or “reverence for YHWH” better captures the sense of the authors of the sayings in Proverbs.

Today’s reading is from the last chapter of Proverbs. In the verses just preceding today’s verses, the author cautions young men not to “give your strength to women” (v.3), or to take strong drink (v.4), but to defend the poor and needy (v.9).

The remainder of the chapter presented an ideal for women from the point of view of the husband, and is an acrostic poem in Hebrew – one in which each successive verse began with the next letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The word “capable” (v.10) is also translated as good, perfect, virtuous, noble, and valiant, and the description “more precious than jewels” is also attributed to the personification of Wisdom in 3:15 and 8:11.

The distaff and spindle (v.19) are both instruments for spinning wool and flax. The notes to The Jewish Study Bible say: “Providing cloth for a household would require incessant spinning.”

The JSB points out that the ideal woman had considerable independence in conducting business (vv. 18 and 24) and may acquire real estate (v.16). This allowed her husband time to sit at the city gates, presumably conducting civic business and serving as a judge (v.23). The final verses reflect, however, the system of patriarchy in that the men to whom this was addressed were urged to “give her a share” (v.31).

The JSB says that these verses are traditionally recited by Jewish men to their wives at the beginning of Sabbath and at the funerals of women.

Wisdom of Solomon 1:16-2:1, 12-22

Reading

16 The ungodly by their words and deeds summoned death; considering him a friend, they pined away and made a covenant with him, because they are fit to belong to his company.
2:1 For they reasoned unsoundly, saying to themselves, “Short and sorrowful is our life, and there is no remedy when a life comes to its end, and no one has been known to return from Hades.
12 Let us lie in wait for the righteous man, because he is inconvenient to us and opposes our actions; he reproaches us for sins against the law, and accuses us of sins against our training.
13 He professes to have knowledge of God, and calls himself a child of the Lord.
14 He became to us a reproof of our thoughts;
15 the very sight of him is a burden to us, because his manner of life is unlike that of others, and his ways are strange.
16 We are considered by him as something base, and he avoids our ways as unclean; he calls the last end of the righteous happy, and boasts that God is his father.
17 Let us see if his words are true, and let us test what will happen at the end of his life;
18 for if the righteous man is God’s child, he will help him, and will deliver him from the hand of his adversaries.
19 Let us test him with insult and torture, so that we may find out how gentle he is, and make trial of his forbearance.
20 Let us condemn him to a shameful death, for, according to what he says, he will be protected.”
21 Thus they reasoned, but they were led astray, for their wickedness blinded them,
22 and they did not know the secret purposes of God, nor hoped for the wages of holiness,
nor discerned the prize for blameless souls.

Commentary

The Book of Wisdom, also known as “The Wisdom of Solomon,” is not part of the “Canon” (accepted books) of the Hebrew Bible. It is, however, included as part of the Hebrew Scriptures in Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church Bibles as “deutero-canonical” – part of a “second” Canon. In Protestant Bibles, Wisdom is not included in the Hebrew Scriptures but is part of the Apocrypha (“hidden books”).

This difference in treatment arises because in the period from 300 to 200 BCE, the existing Hebrew Scriptures were translated into Greek (the most common language of the time). Compilations of these translations were called the “Septuagint” represented as the LXX. The Book of Wisdom was included in most versions of the Septuagint, but this book (among others) was not included in the Canon of the Hebrew Bible (the “TaNaK”) when it was codified around 100 CE by the Pharisees/Rabbis after the Destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.

Jerome included “Wisdom” and the other books that were part of the Septuagint in the Vulgate (the Latin translation of the Hebrew and the Christian Scriptures around 405 CE). Jerome wrote prefaces to some books that they were not in the Jewish Canon of the Hebrew Bible. Later compilers overlooked Jerome’s prefaces, and the Council of Trent in 1546 decreed that the Roman Catholic Canon of the Old Testament included all the books that were in the Septuagint.

Luther and other Protestants followed the Jewish Canon of the Hebrew Bible and put books that were only in the Septuagint (such as Wisdom) in a separate section called the Apocrypha.

The Wisdom of Solomon purports to be written by Solomon (who reigned in Israel from 965 to 928 BCE). It was actually written in Greek by an anonymous Hellenistic Jew in the late First Century BCE or the early First Century CE. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary suggests that the place of composition was Alexandria, the great intellectual and scientific center of the Mediterranean world, and one of the largest centers the Jewish diaspora, and the author was familiar with Hellenistic philosophy, rhetoric and culture.

The author’s intent was to show to his fellow Jews the superiority of Judaism in terminology that was relevant to persons familiar with both the Hebrew Scriptures (likely the LXX) and Greek philosophy. For this reason, there is an emphasis on Platonic ideas such as immortality and the guiding force of Sophia (Wisdom).

As The NOAB points out, today’s reading was structured as a Greco-Roman diatribe in which a fictional adversary was asked to respond to arguments made by the speaker. Here, the speaker criticized the “ungodly” (v.1:16) who have made a covenant with death (v.16b). The “ungodly” presented themselves as opponents of the righteous (vv.12-20). The author criticized their wickedness and their failure to know the “secret purposes of God” (v.22).

In the omitted verses (2-11) attribute to the “ungodly” some of the thoughts expressed in the Book of Job and in Ecclesiastes — that life is fleeting, all persons will be forgotten in time, and that enjoyment of pleasure is a proper response to living under the shadow of death.

Jeremiah 11:18-20

Reading

18 It was the LORD who made it known to me, and I knew; then you showed me their evil deeds.
19 But I was like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter. And I did not know it was against me that they devised schemes, saying, “Let us destroy the tree with its fruit, let us cut him off from the land of the living, so that his name will no longer be remembered!”
20 But you, O LORD of hosts, who judge righteously, who try the heart and the mind, let me see your retribution upon them, for to you I have committed my cause.

Commentary

After the righteous and reforming King Josiah was killed in battle at Megiddo (from which we get the Greek word Armageddon) in 609 BCE, the fortunes of Judea took a sharp downward turn. Babylon threatened Judea’s existence, and Judea had a series of hapless kings from 609 until Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. The Babylonians deported many Judean leaders to Babylon in 597 and a larger number in 586 (the Babylonian Exile). Jeremiah’s prophesy (i.e., speaking for YHWH) began around 609 and continued until 586 BCE when he died in Egypt.

Most Bible scholars agree that the Book of Jeremiah underwent substantial revisions between the time of Jeremiah (627 to 586 BCE) and the First Century. In the Dead Sea Scrolls, there were different versions of the Book of Jeremiah. The Greek Septuagint Translation (the LXX – dating from 300 to 200 BCE) has some chapters that are not in the Hebrew versions.

Sections in the book that are in “poetry style” are generally attributed to the prophet, and parts in “prose style” were added later by writers whose theological outlook was closely aligned with the Deuteronomists. (In fact, Chapter 52 in Jeremiah is virtually word-for-word with 2 Kings 24:18 to 25:30 written by the Deuteronomists after the Exile.)

Today’s reading is in poetry style and is Jeremiah’s first (of seven) “personal laments” (or complaints). The JSB observes that Jeremiah’s complaints provide an intimate glimpse of the prophet’s own feelings and that there is more biographical information in Jeremiah than in all of the other prophets combined. The New Oxford Annotated Bible says: “The origin of the grievance against Jeremiah may be his identification of certain fellow citizens as false prophets and priests.”

In this section, Jeremiah lamented that he was opposed by the “court prophets” who told the King what the King wanted to hear. Anticipating the public humiliations that would be brought upon him in later chapters, Jeremiah compared himself to an innocent lamb (v.19) who was the subject of an assassination plot (v.19b). He asked YHWH (the “LORD” in all capital letters) to bring retribution upon his enemies (v.20).

James 3:13 – 4:3, 7-8a

Reading

13 Who is wise and understanding among you? Show by your good life that your works are done with gentleness born of wisdom. 14 But if you have bitter envy and selfish ambition in your hearts, do not be boastful and false to the truth. 15 Such wisdom does not come down from above, but is earthly, unspiritual, devilish. 16 For where there is envy and selfish ambition, there will also be disorder and wickedness of every kind. 17 But the wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, willing to yield, full of mercy and good fruits, without a trace of partiality or hypocrisy. 18 And a harvest of righteousness is sown in peace for those who make peace.

4:1 Those conflicts and disputes among you, where do they come from? Do they not come from your cravings that are at war within you? 2 You want something and do not have it; so you commit murder. And you covet something and cannot obtain it; so you engage in disputes and conflicts. You do not have, because you do not ask. 3 You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly, in order to spend what you get on your pleasures.

7 Submit yourselves therefore to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. 8a Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you.

Commentary

Although the authorship of this epistle is not known, it has traditionally been attributed to James, the brother of Jesus, who is presented in Acts of the Apostles as the leader of the Jesus Follower community in Jerusalem.

This James (sometimes called “James the Just”) is distinguished from “James the Great” (the apostle, brother of John, and son of Zebedee) and “James the Less” (apostle and son of Alphaeus).

The letter is seen by some scholars as the expansion of a sermon likely delivered by James prior to his martyrdom in 62 CE. Because of the high quality of the Greek in the letter, however, scholars believe the sermon was edited and expanded by someone well versed in Judaism and skilled in Hellenistic rhetoric.

It was edited and distributed in the late 80’s or 90’s, was addressed to Jewish Jesus Followers, and emphasized the importance of good works. It mentions Jesus of Nazareth only twice in the letter. The NOAB says: “The letter alludes to both the Hebrew Bible and the Jesus tradition (particularly that of Matthew and Luke) and there may also be references to Paul’s teaching (2.14-26)”

This emphasis on works in the letter has been understood by some (including Luther) as being opposed to Paul’s position (particularly in Romans) that one is justified (or attains a right relationship with God) by Faith alone.

The NOAB notes: “Paul and James each interpret a verse from the Hebrew Bible – ‘And he [Abraham] believed the LORD and the LORD reckoned it to him as righteousness’ (Gen 15.6) – to support his own view (Paul in Gal 3.6-14; James in Jas 2.21-24). For Paul, the believer’s justification comes through faith, not works (Rom 4.16-5.2) but for James ‘faith by itself, if it has no works, is dead’ (2.17). The conflict, however, is more apparent than real. For Paul, faith is primarily trust in God (Rom 4.5), a sense of the word that James also shares (1.5); but, in his critique of faith, James means by it essentially the assent to ideas about God without any personal relationship or commitment to inform them: ‘Even demons believe’ (2.9). James sees works as acts that spring from the love of the believer for God (2.14) whereas for Paul, works are the external observations of ritual, like circumcision, regarded in isolation from any connection to one’s relationship to God.”

In other words, these positions are not opposed and can be reconciled by recognizing that salvation/wholeness (however defined and understood) is the byproduct of the combination of Faith (understood as trust in God) that leads to Faithfulness in doing good works.

Today’s reading continued these themes and observed that good works are done with gentleness born of wisdom. This passage spoke of “wisdom from above” as the source of mercy and good fruits (deeds). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary observes that many of the exhortations in this section of the letter are drawn from Proverbs. Today’s reading concluded by urging submission to God and resistance to the devil.

Mark 9:30-37

Reading

30 Jesus and his disciples passed through Galilee. He did not want anyone to know it; 31 for he was teaching his disciples, saying to them, “The Son of Man is to be betrayed into human hands, and they will kill him, and three days after being killed, he will rise again.” 32 But they did not understand what he was saying and were afraid to ask him.

33 Then they came to Capernaum; and when he was in the house he asked them, “What were you arguing about on the way?” 34 But they were silent, for on the way they had argued with one another who was the greatest. 35 He sat down, called the twelve, and said to them, “Whoever wants to be first must be last of all and servant of all.” 36 Then he took a little child and put it among them; and taking it in his arms, he said to them, 37 “Whoever welcomes one such child in my name welcomes me, and whoever welcomes me welcomes not me but the one who sent me.”

Commentary

The Gospel According to Mark was the first Gospel that was written and is usually dated to the time around the Destruction of the Temple in 70 CE. Mark’s Gospel is the shortest gospel and forms the core for the Gospels According to Matthew and Luke (both of which were written around 85-90 CE). Over 50% of the material in those two Gospels is based on Mark. Because these three Gospels follow similar chronologies of Jesus’ life and death, they are called “Synoptic Gospels” for the Greek words meaning “Same Look/View.”

Today’s reading follows Mark’s account of the Transfiguration (9:2-13) and a dramatic exorcism of an unclean spirit in a young boy (14-29). The first part contains the second announcement in Mark that the Son of Man (“The Human Being”) would suffer and die – a notion that was foreign to First Century understandings of the Messiah. The phrase “three days” (v.31) is a euphemism that means “in a short time” – even though it has been generally understood literally.

The second portion of the reading deals with humility and servanthood and continues the theme that self-preservation is not the highest value (“For those who want to save their life will lose it, and those who lose their life for my sake, and for the sake of the gospel, will save it.” 8:35).

In the First Century (and much of history), children were the lowest persons in a household, and the presentation of a child by Jesus illustrated the need for the first to become last and servant of all (v.37).

The emphasis on servanthood is found in multiple places in the Christian Scriptures: Jesus’ washing the feet of his apostles at the Last Supper in John 13, Jesus’ “emptying himself” as a servant/slave in Philippians 2:7, and the Son of Man who gives his life as “a ransom for many” in Mark 10:45 – taking a theme from the Suffering Servant poems in Isaiah 52 and 53.