The book called “The Acts of the Apostles” was written by the author of the Gospel According to Luke. The first 15 chapters of Acts are a didactic “history” of the early Jesus Follower Movement starting with an account of the Ascension of Jesus and ending (in Chapter 15) at the so-called Council of Jerusalem in 49 CE. According to Acts, at the Council, it was agreed by the elders of the Jesus Follower Movement that Gentiles did not have to be circumcised or keep all the kosher dietary laws in order to become Jesus Followers.

Today’s reading is a synopsis of the entire Gospel According to Luke, and is delivered by Peter when he is asked to baptize the Roman centurion, Cornelius. In the verses that follow today’s reading, Peter notes that Cornelius had received the Holy Spirit. He therefore baptized him, even though he was a Gentile. At the Council of Jerusalem, the Baptism of Cornelius was referred to by Peter as a reason for permitting Gentiles to become Jesus Followers (15:7-8).

Jeremiah 31:1-6

After the righteous King Josiah was killed in battle in 609 BCE, the fortunes of Judea took a sharp downward turn. Babylon threatened Judea’s existence, and Judea had a series of hapless kings from 609 until Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. The Babylonians deported some Judean leaders in 597 and a larger number of them in 586 (the beginning of the Babylonian Exile). Jeremiah’s prophesy (i.e. speaking for Yahweh) began around 609 and continued until 586 BCE when he died in Egypt.

In today’s reading, the prophet speaks for YHWH to say that all the families of Israel (the 12 Tribes) will be restored, just as the Israelites were restored in the Exodus. They will again take their tambourines (v.4), just as Miriam (Moses’ sister) and the women used tambourines to celebrate passing through the Sea of Reeds (Ex. 15:20).

Colossians 3:1-4

Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short and expresses concern about practices that were inconsistent with Paul’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 63 CE.

In today’s reading, the author expresses an eschatological vision – not the end of the world, but an end of the world as the Colossians knew it. He urges the Colossians, as persons who have already “been raised with Christ,” to focus on heavenly matters rather than earthly concerns. The statement “for you have died” (v.3) is a reference back to “If with Christ you died to the elemental spirits of the universe” (2:20) – you are no longer limited by the four primal elements.

After the righteous King Josiah was killed in battle in 609 BCE, the fortunes of Judea took a sharp downward turn. Babylon threatened Judea’s existence, and Judea had hapless kings from 609 until 586 BCE when the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Judean leaders to Babylon. Jeremiah’s prophesy (i.e. speaking for Yahweh) began around 609 and continued until 586 BCE when he died in Egypt.

The Book of Jeremiah underwent substantial revisions between the time of Jeremiah and the First Century. Many sections in “poetry style” are attributed to the prophet, and parts in “prose style” were added later. Indeed, parts of Jeremiah are word-for-word the same as 2 Kings, a book written by the Deuteronomists (authors of Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings). The consistent Deuteronomic themes in the prose style parts are that Yahweh controls Judea’s fate and if Judeans and their kings do not worship Yahweh faithfully, they will be scattered. Yahweh’s power is such, however, that a “remnant” will return from Babylon to Judea.

Today’s reading is in prose style and attacks the kings and priests (the “shepherds”). It holds up the promise that Yahweh will raise up for “David” (Judea) a righteous king who will enable Israel to live in safety and righteousness.

Colossians 1:11-20

Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short (four chapters) and expresses concern about practices that are inconsistent with Paul’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or by his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 64 CE.

In today’s reading, the author adopts an apocalyptic theme in contrasting light and darkness (vv. 12-13). He expresses the theme that believers are redeemed and receive forgiveness of sin in the Christ (v. 14). “Redemption” conveys the sense of being bought back, the way something already owned is redeemed from a pawn shop. He describes Jesus of Nazareth as the “image” (or symbol or manifestation) of the invisible God (v.15) and describes the Cosmic Christ as the unifying force for all created things, the one who brings life to us even though we encounter our own deaths, and the force that reconciles all things in the God of Love.

Ecclesiastes was written by a person known in Hebrew as Qohelet (which means the “Gatherer” or “Teacher” or “Preacher”). Because the book contains Persian and Aramaic “loan-words,” the book is dated to the time of Persian rule of Judea (539 to 333 BCE). (Loan-words are words borrowed from one language to another; for example, “rendezvous” is a loan-word in English from French.) In verse 12, Qohelet assumes the persona of Solomon, the traditionally wise king who reigned from 968 to 928 BCE, but the book was written much later.

The Persian Period was one of great prosperity, but one in which the individual was an insignificant part of a large Empire. The over-arching themes in Ecclesiastes are that everything is “vanity” (the Hebrew word, hebel, is also translated as “vapor” or “breath”) and our lives are transient and insignificant. “Vanity” is used to describe all that is ephemeral, insubstantial, enigmatic, or absurd. Qohelet asserts that the fruit of one’s toil and one’s wisdom and knowledge cannot be taken with us when we die.

Colossians 3:1-11

Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short and expresses concern about practices that are inconsistent with Paul’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 62 CE. In today’s reading, the author expresses his eschatological vision – not an end of the world, but an end of the world as the Colossians knew it. He urges the Colossians to put on a “new self” so that earthly distinctions such as Jew and Greek (i.e. Gentile) will no longer exist.

Colossians 2:6-19
Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short (four chapters) and expresses concern about practices that are inconsistent with the author’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 62 CE. Today’s reading is the theological core of the letter. The author notes that the Colossians have orally received Christ, and warns against “philosophy” (other ethical teachings) and practices associated with some forms of 1st Century Judaism: “elemental spirits” (v.8), physical circumcision (v.13), matters of food and drink (v. 16), and observing festivals, new moons and Sabbaths (v. 16).

Colossians 1:15-28
Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short (four chapters) and expresses concern about practices that are inconsistent with Paul’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 62 CE. In today’s reading, the author emphasizes the supremacy of Christ over the cosmos and over the church and says that the Christ is the image of the invisible God. Unlike some of Paul’s writings, this letter asserts that continued steadfastness to the faith is needed for reconciliation in Christ’s earthly body and to attain salvation at the end of times. The author recounts Paul’s sufferings as a way of illustrating his belief that believers must suffer before the culmination of history.

Colossians 1:1-14
Colossae was a town in what is now western Turkey. A Jesus Follower community was founded there by Paul’s associate, Epaphras (1:7). The letter is short (four chapters) and expresses concern about practices that are inconsistent with Paul’s understanding of being a Jesus Follower. Scholars debate whether it was written by Paul or his disciples in the decade after Paul’s death in 62 CE. In today’s reading, the author emphasizes faith, love and hope as key Christian virtues (vv. 4-5) and adopts an apocalyptic theme in contrasting light and darkness (vv. 12-13). He expresses the theme that believers are redeemed and receive forgiveness of sin in Christ (v. 14). “Redemption” conveys the sense of being bought back, the way something already owned is redeemed from a pawn shop.